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→ゼウス・リカイオス
ゼウス・リカイオス（Λύκαιος；「狼・ゼウス」）の諡号は、素朴なアルカディアで最も高い山であるリカイオン山（「狼山」）の斜面における古代の祭り「リカイア」に関連してのみ、ゼウスが引き受けるものである。ゼウスは、古代のカニバリズムの脅威と<ref>リカオンの神々のための宴会で、犠牲の人間の肉が含まれていたという創世神話では、おそらく彼の息子、ニクティムスかアルカスであろう。ゼウスはテーブルをひっくり返し、リュケウスの家に雷を落とした。リュケイアでの彼の庇護は、公式のものに過ぎなかったと思われる。</ref> 、参加者であるエフェベの狼男への変身の可能性を伴うこの原始的な通過儀礼の儀式と神話と形式的な関係を持っただけであった<ref>「ライク」「明るさ」との形態的なつながりは、単なる偶然かもしれない。</ref>。生贄が行われた古代の灰塚の近くには<ref>Modern archaeologists have found no trace of human remains among the sacrificial detritus, Walter Burkert, "Lykaia and Lykaion", ''Homo Necans'', tr. by Peter Bing (University of California) 1983, p. 90.</ref>、影も形もないと言われる禁断の境内があった<ref>Pausanias, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D38 8.38].</ref>。
プラトンによれば<ref>''Republic'' 565d-e</ref>、ある一族が9年ごとに山に集まってゼウス・リカイオスに生贄を捧げるが、その際、動物の内臓に一塊の人間の内臓が混じっていたという。
According to [[Plato]],<ref>''Republic'' 565d-e</ref> a particular clan would gather on the mountain to make a sacrifice every nine years to Zeus Lykaios, and a single morsel of human entrails would be intermingled with the animal's. Whoever ate the human flesh was said to turn into a wolf, and could only regain human form if he did not eat again of human flesh until the next nine-year cycle had ended. There were games associated with the Lykaia, removed in the fourth century to the first urbanization of Arcadia, [[Megalopolis, Greece|Megalopolis]]; there the major temple was dedicated to Zeus Lykaios.
There is, however, the crucial detail that ''Lykaios'' or ''Lykeios'' (epithets of Zeus and Apollo) may derive from [[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]] *{{lang|grc|λύκη}}, "light", a noun still attested in compounds such as {{lang|grc|ἀμφιλύκη}}, "twilight", {{lang|grc|λυκάβας}}, "year" (lit. "light's course") etc. This, Cook argues, brings indeed much new 'light' to the matter as [[Achaeus of Eretria|Achaeus]], the contemporary tragedian of [[Sophocles]], spoke of Zeus Lykaios as "starry-eyed", and this Zeus Lykaios may just be the Arcadian Zeus, son of Aether, described by [[Cicero]]. Again under this new signification may be seen [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]' descriptions of Lykosoura being 'the first city that ever the sun beheld', and of the altar of Zeus, at the summit of Mount Lykaion, before which stood two columns bearing gilded eagles and 'facing the sun-rise'. Further Cook sees only the tale of Zeus' sacred precinct at Mount Lykaion allowing no shadows referring to Zeus as 'god of light' (Lykaios).<ref>A. B. Cook ('''1914'''), ''Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion'', Vol. I, p.63, Cambridge University Press</ref>[[File:Statue of Zeus.jpg|thumb|A statue of Zeus in a drawing.]]
