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→ギルガメシュ叙事詩
ギルガメシュの拒絶に激怒したイシュタルは<ref>Dalley, 1989, page80</ref>、天界に行き、父アヌにギルガメシュが自分を侮辱したことを告げる<ref>Dalley,1989, page80</ref>。アヌは、なぜ自分でギルガメッシュに立ち向かわず、彼に文句を言うのかと問う<ref>Dalley, 1989, page80</ref>。イシュタルはアヌに「天の雄牛」を要求し<ref>Dalley, 1989, page80</ref>、もし与えなければ「地獄の扉を破って閂を打ち破り、人々の混乱（＝混合）が起こるだろう、上の者たちと下の者たちとが。私は死者を蘇らせて、生者と同じように食物を食べさせ、死者の軍勢は生者を凌駕することになる。」と誓った<ref>''Gilgamesh'', p. 87</ref>。
アヌはイシュタルに天の雄牛を与え、イシュタルはそれを送ってギルガメシュとその友人エンキドゥを攻撃させた<ref>Dalley, 1989, pages81–82</ref><ref>Fontenrose, 1980, pages168–169</ref>。ギルガメシュとエンキドゥは牡牛を殺し、その心臓を太陽神シャマシュに捧げた<ref>Dalley, 1989, page82</ref><ref>Fontenrose, 1980, pages168–169</ref>。ギルガメシュとエンキドゥが休んでいる間、イシュタルがウルクの城壁に立ち、ギルガメシュを呪った<ref>Dalley, 1989, page82</ref><ref>Fontenrose, 1980, page169</ref>。エンキドゥは牡牛の右腿を引きちぎってイシュタルの顔に投げつけ<ref>Dalley, 1989, page82</ref><ef>Fontenrose, 1980, page169</ref>、「もし私があなたに手をかけることができるなら、あなたにこうして、あなたの内臓をあなたの横になでつけるべきでしょう。」と言う<ref name="Gilgamesh-p88">''Gilgamesh'', p. 88</ref><ref group="私注">牛の右腿は古代エジプトでは神に捧げ得る最善の供物であったように記憶している。</ref>。
Anu gives Ishtar the Bull of Heaven, and Ishtar sends it to attack Gilgamesh and his friend [[Enkidu]]. Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the Bull and offer its heart to the sun-god Shamash. While Gilgamesh and Enkidu are resting, Ishtar stands up on the walls of [[Uruk]] and curses Gilgamesh. Enkidu tears off the Bull's right thigh and throws it in Ishtar's face,{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=82}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=169}} saying, "If I could lay my hands on you, it is this I should do to you, and lash your entrails to your side."<ref name="Gilgamesh-p88">[[#Reference-Gilgamesh|''Gilgamesh'']], p. 88</ref> (Enkidu later dies for this impiety.){{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=169}} Ishtar calls together "the crimped courtesans, prostitutes and harlots"{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=82}} and orders them to mourn for the Bull of Heaven.{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=82}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=169}} Meanwhile, Gilgamesh holds a celebration over the Bull of Heaven's defeat.{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=82-83}}{{sfn|Fontenrose|1980|page=169}}
Later in the epic, [[Utnapishtim]] tells Gilgamesh the story of the [[Great Flood]],{{sfn|Dalley|1989|pages=109–116}} which was sent by the god [[Enlil|Elil]] to annihilate all life on earth because the humans, who were vastly overpopulated, made too much noise and prevented him from sleeping.{{sfn|Dalley|1989|pages=109–111}} Utnapishtim tells how, when the flood came, Ishtar wept and mourned over the destruction of humanity, alongside the [[Anunnaki]].{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=113}} Later, after the flood subsides, Utnapishtim makes an offering to the gods.{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=114}} Ishtar appears to Utnapishtim wearing a [[lapis lazuli]] necklace with beads shaped like [[flies]] and tells him that Enlil never discussed the flood with any of the other gods.{{sfn|Dalley|1989|pages=114–115}} She swears him that she will never allow Enlil to cause another flood{{sfn|Dalley|1989|pages=114–115}} and declares her lapis lazuli necklace a sign of her oath.{{sfn|Dalley|1989|pages=114–115}} Ishtar invites all the gods except for Enlil to gather around the offering and enjoy.{{sfn|Dalley|1989|page=115}}
